Canada.

Permanent residence (no conditions after arrival) for experienced business people who lent the federal government a fixed sum for five years without interest; the money was passed to participating provinces and territories and repaid. C$400,000 loan and C$800,000 net worth until 30 Nov 2010, then C$800,000 and C$1.6 million. Introduced 1986, redesigned 1 April 1999. Cap of 700 new applications a year from 1 July 2011; intake stopped 1 July 2012. Budget 2014 (11 Feb 2014) announced its end; section 87.5 IRPA (Economic Action Plan 2014 Act, No. 1, assent 19 June 2014) terminated every application not assessed before 11 Feb 2014 and ordered refunds (it did not apply to investors selected by Quebec). Ordinary naturalisation rules apply afterwards (no investor-specific route). The 2014 CIC evaluation found investor immigrants declared low incomes and paid little income tax, had the highest out-migration after 10 years, and that only about 30% of the loan money was actively invested.

Replacement pilot for the federal IIP: permanent residence for up to 60 investors with net worth of at least C$10 million who paid C$2 million, not guaranteed, into a venture capital fund (held about 15 years and managed mainly by BDC Capital, per CBC), plus language and education requirements and a due diligence report. Intake windows 28 Jan-11 Feb 2015 (max 500 applications), 13 Feb-15 Apr 2015 and 25 May-30 Dec 2015. IRCC told CBC only seven applications were in process when intake closed on 30 Dec 2015. IRCC declared the pilot closed and removed its instructions on 29 Jan 2021 after finalising the last files. Final admissions not found.

Provincial nomination route (leading to Canadian permanent residence) for people who invest in Prince Edward Island. According to the UK Migration Advisory Committee (Feb 2014, citing the agent website Investor Visa Canada), it opened in January 2014 with 400 places for 2014 and required net worth of at least C$600,000, management expertise, an investment of C$150,000 in a qualifying business and an intention to live in the province; the MAC adds that no further details were available and that the route resembles an entrepreneur route more than a passive investor route. No Prince Edward Island or federal document on the stream is stored, so whether January 2014 was its first opening, its later terms and its current status are not confirmed. No counts found: the stored IRCC provincial nominee tables give Prince Edward Island totals for all nominee streams together, and the 2014 CIC evaluation's Prince Edward Island figures concern the federal Immigrant Investor Program (can-iip).

Quebec selects the investor (selection certificate, CSQ) under the Canada-Quebec Accord; IRCC then grants permanent residence. Investors place a fixed sum for 5 years with IQ Immigrants Investisseurs (a subsidiary of Investissement Québec) through an authorised broker or trust company; the income funds grants to Quebec businesses. Placement of C$1,200,000 (net worth C$2 million) under the regulation in force from 2 August 2018 (the amount before then was not confirmed in a Quebec text in this pass); from 1 January 2024 a C$1,000,000 placement plus a non-refundable C$200,000 contribution, oral French level 7, a work permit and stays of at least 6 months each for the investor and spouse in Quebec (no stay required before). Receipt of applications was suspended 1 Apr-15 Aug 2018; capped at 1,900 (max 1,235 from China) for 10 Sep 2018-31 Aug 2019; suspended again 1 Nov 2019 to 1 Apr 2023. Under the new rules only C$1 million (2024-25) and C$3 million (Apr-Dec 2025) of placements were made. MIFI found only 15.5% of people admitted 2011-2020 still present in Quebec in January 2022. Launch year of the Quebec programme is not stated in the sources read (the federal investor class dates from 1986).